Fungsi dan Kedudukan Bahasa Indonesia

Fungsi bahasa Indonesia secara khusus dapat dilihat atas kedudukannya sebagai bahasa nasional dan bahasa negara. Bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa nasional ditegaskan dalam Sumpah Pemuda tanggal 28 Oktober 1928. Sedangkan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa negara tertuang dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia 1945, Bab XV pasal 36. Hal ini merupakan suatu dasar hukum bahasa indonesia sebagai bahasa nasional dan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa negara.

Fungsi Bahasa Secara Umum

Fungsi umum bahasa Indonesia adalah sebagai alat komunikasi sosial.Bahasa pada dasarnya sudah menyatu dengan kehidupan manusia. Aktifitas manusia sebagai anggota masyarakat sangat bergantung pada penggunaan bahasa masyarakat setempat. Gagasan, ide, pikiran, harapan, dan keinginan disampaikan lewat bahasa.
Selain fungsi bahasa di atas, bahasa merupakan tanda yang jelas dari kepribadian manusia. Melalui bahasa yang digunakan manusia, maka dapat memahami karakter, keinginan, motif, latar belakang pendidikan, kehidupan sosial, pergaulan dan adat istiadat manusia.

Menurut Sumiati Budiman (1987:1) mengemukakan bahwa fungsi bahasa dapat dibedakan berdasarkan tujuan, yaitu :
1. Fungsi praktis; bahasa digunakan sebagai komunikasi dan interaksi antar anggota masyarakat dalam pergaulan hidup sehari-hari.
2. Fungsi kultural; bahasa digunakan sebagai alat untuk menyimpan, menyebarluaskan dan mengembangkan kebudayaan.
3. Fungsi Artistik; bahasa digunakan sebagai alat untuk menyampaikan rasa estetis (keindahan) manusia melalaui seni sastra.
4. Fungsi edukatif; bahasa digunakan sebagai alat menyampaikan dan mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi.
5. Fungsi politis; bahasa digunakan sebagai alat untuk mempusatkan bangsa dan untuk menyelenggarakan administrasi pemerintahan.

Pengertian Bahasa

Berbicara tentang bahasa tentu bukan merupakan hal yang baru bagi kehidupan manusia. Setiap manusia beraktivitas, pasti memahami dan menggunakan bahasa tertentu. Jadi, dapat dipertegas bahwa bahasa merupakan suatu kebutuhan pokok dalam kehidupan manusia. Tanpa bahasa manusia tidak berarti apa-apa dihadapan orang lain. Orang lain tidak memahami siapa dan bagaimana kita. Namun, ketika kita di ajak untuk mendefinisikan apa itu bahasa, ternyata tidak semua penutur bahasa dapat menjelaskan dengan baik. Oleh karena itu, perlu dipaparkan pengertian bahasa secara lengkap.
Ditinjau secara umum,bahasa dapat diartikan sebagai ucapan, pikiran dan perasaan seseorang yang disampaikan secara teratur dan digunakan sebagai alat komunikasi antaranggota masyarakat. Menurut Harimurti Kridalaksana (1997) bahwa bahasa merupakan system lambang bunyi yang arbitrer, digunakan para anggota kelompok social untuk bekerja sama dan berkomunikasi untuk mengidentifikasi diri di hadapan orang lain.
Di sisi lain, rumusan pengertian bahasa dapat pula dilihat secara praktis dan teknis. Secara praktis, bahasa merupakan salah satu alat komunikasi berwujud system bunyi dan tulisan yang mempunyai makna tertentu, dipahami dan dihasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia. Secara teknis, bahasa merupakan seperangkat ujaran yang bermakna lengkap yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia.
Berdasarkan beberapa pengertian bahasa di atas, maka dapat dikemukakan secara jelas bahwa bahasa Indonesia adalah suatu system lambang atau bunyi yang mempunyai makna secara lengkap dan teratur yang bersumber dari bahasa Melayu dan digunakan sebagai alat komunikasi secara resmi di seluruh tanah air Indonesia, mulai dari Sabang sampai Merauke.

Character Communication The blood group 'O'

People with blood type O are those who do not much care, energy and has a high social life. They are the most flexible of all existing blood group. They will quickly start a project but have problems when continuing and often much too easily give up in the middle of the road. They sometimes act and can not be relied upon. They always say what's on their minds directly. They are always honest. They appreciate the opinions of others and likes to be center of attention. In addition, people are blood group O have a sense of confidence that really strong. In Japan, this blood is the blood group average person there.

Communication style with O blood group people

When dealing with blood group O people enthusiastic and confident, straightforward, optimistic, sometimes selfish and creative, the following things can be a guide:

     * Speak with the spirit and vitality. Because they are less like the people who seem weak, tired, listless, weak, letoy, and wilt not be considered their rhythm full of energy.
     * Do not use negative words and pessimistic because the word was not in the dictionary they are full of positive spirit and optimism.
     * When the binding of a contract, make sure that they are firmly committed to what has been agreed and can be responsible for completion.
     * Said to be honest because they are also granted. Once a lie is detected, they are not going to believe again in another occasion.
     * Demonstrate the fun-filled body and spirit.

People with blood group O most like to communicate with their passion. People who do not have a good spirit of life is difficult to be a close friend of this group of people. Because they are always in line with the spirit of their vitality. They will be able to communicate for hours with the right person and can follow the rhythm of their speech is very optimistic and motivatif.

Communication Understanding Analysis by Harold Lasswell

Communication Definition Analysis According to Harold Lasswell

Communication is essentially a process of explaining who? say what? what channels? to whom? with the results or what results? (who? says what? in which channel? to whom? with what effect?). (Lasswell 1960).

5 element analysis by Lasswell (1960):

1. Who? (who / source).
Source / communicators are the main actors / parties who have a need to communicate or to initiate a communication, can be an individual, group, organization, or a country as a communicator.

2. Says What? (messages).
What will be delivered / communicated to the recipient (communicant), from the source (communicator) or the contents of a set of symbol informasi.Merupakan verbal / non verbal that represent feelings, values, ideas / point source said. There are 3 components of the meaning of the message, symbol to convey meaning, and form / organizational messages.

3. In Which Channel? (channel / media).
Vehicle / equipment to convey a message from the communicator (source) to the communicant (receiver) either directly (face to face), or indirectly (through print / electronic, etc.).

4. To Whom? (to whom / receiver).
People / groups / organizations / countries that receive messages from sumber.Disebut goal (destination) / listener (listener) / audience (audience) / communicant / interpreter / coding behind (decoder).

5. With What Effect? (impact / effect).
Impact / effect occurs in communicant (receiver) after receiving a message from the source, such as changes in attitudes, increased knowledge, etc..

Example:
Communication between teachers and pupils.
Teacher as a communicator must have a clear message to be conveyed to the student or the teacher komunikan.Setelah must also determine whether a channel to communicate directly (face to face) or indirectly (the media). After that, teachers must adjust topic / self / themes according to the age of the communicant, also must determine the communication objectives / purpose of the message to occur the impact / effect on self-communicant in accordance with the desired.

Conclusion:
Communication is the message delivered to the communicant (receiver) of the communicator (source) through certain channels either directly or indirectly with the intention of impact / effect to the communicant in accordance with the diingikan komunikator.Yang who meet the 5 elements, says what, in which channel, to whom, with what effect.

History of Communication

At the beginning of life on earth, communication is used to express the needs of organic. Chemical signals in the early organisms used for reproduction. Along with the evolution of life, the chemical signals used in the primitive communication also evolved and opened the possibility of more complex behaviors such as mating dance in the fish.
In animals, in addition to sex, communication is also done to demonstrate the benefits, usually with an attack. Munurut evolutionary history of about 250 million years ago the emergence of "reptile brain" is important because the brain enables the physiological reactions to events in the outside world that we know as emotions. In modern humans, the reptilian brain is still present in the human brain's limbic system, and only the brain is covered by other "high level".

Humans communicate to share knowledge and experience. The general form of human communication signals, including language, speaking, writing, movement, and broadcasting. Communication can be interactive, transactive, aims, or no purpose.

Through communication, attitudes and feelings of a person or group of people can be understood by other parties. However, communication will only be effective if the message can be interpreted as the recipient of the message.

Although communication has been studied for a long time and are "antiques", has become an important topic, especially in the 20th century due to the growth of communication described as "a revolutionary discovery", this is because the increase of rapid communication technologies like radio. Television, telephone, satellite and commuter networks as industiralisasi big business and global politics. Communication in the academy may have their own department where communication is divided into time communication, communication for the host, publicist and others, but the subject will remain. Jobs in communications reflect the diversity of communication itself. Looking for the best communication theory would not be useful because communication is the activity that more than one event. Each of the theories and processes considered from a different point of view which they refer separately from their own perspective.

  Components of communication

Communication components are things that must exist so that communication can take place properly. According to Laswell communication components are:

     * The sender or communicator (sender) is the party that sends a message to other parties.
     * Message (message) is the content or purpose to be conveyed by one party to another party.
     * Channel (channel) is a medium where the message conveyed to the communicant. in inter-personal communication (face to face) can channel the flow of air vibration tone / voice.
     * Recipient or komunikate (receiver) is the party that receives messages from other parties
     * Feedback (feedback) is the response from the reception of messages over the content of the message.
     * Rules are agreed upon by the principals of communication about how communication will be run ( "Protocol")

The process of communication

In summary, ongoing process of communication can be described as follows.

    1. Communicator (sender) which has the purpose to communicate with other people to send a message to the intended person. The message could be information in the form of language or symbols through which to understand both sides.
    2. Message (message) is delivered or carried through a medium or channel either directly or indirectly. Examples speak directly via telephone, mail, e-mail, or other media.

media (channel) tool to convey messages from the communicator to the communicant

    1. Communicant (receiver) receives the message and translate the contents of the received message into a language understood by the communicant itself.
    2. Communicant (receiver) giving feedback (feedback) or a response to the message sent to him, whether he understood or understand the message intended by the sender.

Communication Technology

In telecommunications, radio communications two-way through the first Atlantic occurred on July 25, 1920.

With growing technology, communication protocols were also developed, for example, Thomas Edison had discovered that "hello" is the greeting of the least berambiguasi via voice from a distance; other remarks such as hail can easily lost or distorted in transmission.

Limitations in the communication

Limitations in communication include:

    1. Language
    2. Time delay
    3. Politics

Understanding Communication

The word or terms of communication (from English "communication"), is etymologically or think he is the origin of the Latin communicatus, and the word is based on the word communis communis in these words have meaning 'sharing' or 'shared' is an attempt which have the goal of unity or common sense.

Terminological communication refers to the existence of the process of delivering a statement by someone to someone else. So in this sense that is involved in human communication. Because it refers to the notion Ruben and Stewart (1998:16) concerning human communication, namely:

Human communication is the process through which individuals, in relationships, groups, organizations and societies, respond to and create messages to indigenous to the environment and one another. That human communication is a process that involves individuals in a relationship, groups, organizations and communities respond to and create messages to adapt to the environment with each other.

To understand these terms so that communication can be carried out effectively in Effendy (1994:10) that the communication enthusiasts often cite the paradigm advanced by Harold Lasswell in his work, The Structure and Function of Communication in Society. Lasswell said that a good way to explain the communication is to answer the following questions: Who Says What In Which Channel To Whom With What Effect?

Lasswell paradigm above shows that the communication includes five elements as the answer to the question asked was, namely:

    1. Communicator (who says?)
    2. Message (say what?)
    3. Media (through the channel / channel / media what?)
    4. Communicant (to whom?)
    5. Effect (with the impact / effect?).

So based on the Lasswell paradigm, is simply the process of communication is the communicators establish (encode) the message and deliver it through a specific channel to the recipient that a particular effect.

  COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Departure from the paradigm Lasswell, Effendy (1994:11-19) distinguishes the communication process into two stages, namely:

1. The primary communication process

The primary communication process is the delivery process and the thoughts or feelings to another person by using the symbol (symbol) as a medium. Symbol as the primary medium of communication is in the process of verbal messages (language), and nonverbal messages (gesture / gesture, gestures, pictures, colors, etc.) that can directly / able to translate thoughts or feelings and communicators to the communicant.

As noted earlier, the communication in the event of equality of meaning in the message received by the communicant. In other words, communication is the process of making a tune messages for communicators and communicant. The process is as follows, first of all communicators encode (encoded) messages to be delivered delivered to communicant. This means that communicators and formulate thoughts or feelings into symbols (language) is expected to be understood by the communicant. Then turn communicant to translate (decode) messages from the communicator. This means that he interpreted the symbol that contains thoughts and or feelings in the context of this communicator understanding. What is important in the process of encoding (coding) is a communicator can encode and communicant can translate the password is (there are common sense).

Wilbur Schramm (in Effendy, 1994) states that communication will be successful (there is similarity of meaning) if the message transmitted by the communicator matches the reference frame (frame of reference), the alloy experiences and understanding (collection of experiences and Meanings) obtained by the communicant . Schramm added, that the field (field of experience) is an important factor also in communication. If the communicators experience the same field with the field experience communicant, communication will take place smoothly. Conversely, if the field is not the same communicant experience with the field experience of communicators, there will be difficulty to understand each other. For example, as revealed by Sendjaja (1994:33) that: The A a student wants to talk about the development of foreign currencies in relation to economic growth. For the A course will be easier and smoothly when the discussion of this is done with the B which is also the same students. If Person A is talking about it with the C, sorang village youth course graduate Elementary komunikaasi process will not run properly as expected the A. Because between the A and the C there is a difference concerning the level of knowledge, experience, culture, orientation, and perhaps also of importance.

Examples of these can give the picture that the process went well komunikasiakan or convenient between actors (source and receiver) relatively the same. That means if we want to communicate well with someone, then we harsu process and deliver the message in language and in ways that suit your level of knowledge, experience, orientation and cultural background. In other words, communicators need to recognize the individual characteristics, social and cultural from the communicant.

2. Secondary communication process

Secondary communication process is the process of delivering a message by the communicator to the communicant with the means as the second medium after using the symbol as the first medium.

A communicator uses the media to convey two komunikasike because communicant as targets in a relatively remote place or the number of lots. Letter, telephone, telex, newspapers, magazines, radio, television, movies, etc. The second is a medium that is often used in communications. Secondary communication processes that use media that can be classified as mass media (newspapers, television, radio, etc.). Nirmassa and media (telephone, letter, megaphone, etc..).

COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS

William I. Curtains (in Deddy Mulyana, 2005:5-30) categorizes communication functions into four, namely:

1. As a social communication

Communication function as a social communication at least suggests that communication is important to build our self-concept, self-actualization, for survival, to gain happiness, avoid stress and tension, among others through communication that is comforting, and nurturing relationships people relationships. Through our communications work together with members of the community (family, study groups, universities, RT, village, ..., the state as a whole) to achieve a common goal.

    1. Formation of self concept. The concept itself is our view of ourselves, and we can only obtain information given by others to us. Through communication with other people we learn not only about who we are, but also how we feel who we are. You love yourself when you've loved; you think you are smart when the people around you think you are smart; you feel handsome or beautiful when the people around you also say so. George Herbert Mead (in Jalaluddin Grace, 1994) mengistilahkan significant others (other people very important) to the people around us who have an important role in shaping our self-concept. When we were little, they are our parents, our brothers, and people who live with us. Richard Dewey and W.J. Humber (1966) named the affective others, for other people with whom we have emotional ties. From them, slowly we form our self-concept. In addition, there is what is called the reference group (reference group) is a group that binds us emotionally, and affect the formation of our self-concept. By seeing this, people direct their behavior and adapt themselves with the characteristics of the group. If you choose your reference group of the Indonesian Doctors Association, you become the norms in this bond as a measure of your behavior. You can also squeeze themselves as part of this group, complete with doketer properties according to your perception.
    2. Statement of existence itself. People communicate to show himself exist. This is called self-actualization or more precisely the existence of self-statements. Communication function as self-evident existence of the questioner in such a seminar. Although they had been warned a moderator to speak briefly and straight to the point, pen or commentator is often a long talk lebarm lecture audience, with the arguments that sometimes are not relevant.
    3. For survival, foster the relationship, and gain happiness. From birth, we can not live alone to sustain life. We need and must communicate with others, to fulfill our biological needs like eating and drinking, and psychological needs of our memnuhi like success and happiness. Psychologists argue, our primary needs as human beings, and to become a healthy human being spiritually, is the need for a friendly social relationships, which can only be fulfilled with a good relationship with others. Moslow Abraham mentions that humans have five basic needs: physiological needs, security, social needs, self-esteem, and self-actualization. The more basic needs must be met first before higher kebuthan attempted. We may already be able kebuthan physiological and security to survive. Now we want to meet social needs, self-esteem, and self-actualization. Needs, especially the third and fourth include the desire to gain a sense of ownership over and owned, socially, feeling accepted, giving and receiving friendship. Communication will be required to obtain and provide information needed, to persuade or influence others, to consider alternative solutions to the problem and then make a decision, and social goals as well as entertainment.

2. As an expressive communication

Communication serves to convey the feelings (emotions) we are. These feelings primarily communicated through nonverbal messages. Affection, caring, longing, compassion, joy, sadness, fear, concern, anger and hate can be conveyed in words, but can be delivered more ekpresif through nonverbal behavior. A mother shows affection by stroking his son's head. People can channel his anger by cursing, clenching his hands as he melototkan, students protested the policy, or ruler of the state authorities to conduct demonstrations campus.

3. As a ritual communication

A community often perform different ceremonies throughout the year and throughout life, the so-called anthropologists sebaga rites of passage, from birth ceremonies, circumcision, birthday, engagement, spray, marriages, and others. In the events that people say the words or certain behaviors that are symbolic. Other rites such as prayer (salat, prayer, Mass), reading the scriptures, pilgrimage, flag ceremony (including singing the national anthem), the graduation ceremony, the celebration of Lebaran (Idul Fitri) or Christmas, is also the ritual communication. Those who participate in the ritual forms of communication to reaffirm their commitment to the tradition of family, tribe, nation. State, ideology, or their religion.

4. As an instrumental communication

Instrumental communication has some common objectives, namely: to inform, teach, encourage, changing attitudes, moving the action, and also entertaining.

As an instrument, not only communication we use to create and build relationships, but also to destroy the relationship. Study of communications makes us susceptible to a variety of strategies that we use in our communications to work better with others for mutual benefit. As with the instrument of communication functions to achieve personal goals and work, both short-term goals or long-term goals. Short-term goals such as to obtain credit, develop a good impression, get sympathy, empathy, material benefits, economics, and politics, which sometimes can be achieved by managing the impression (impression management), ie the tactics of verbal and nonverbal, such as speaking politely , close out the promise, mengenakankan natty clothes, and so on which basically to show others who we are as we want.

Meanwhile, long-term goals can be achieved through communication skills, such as speech skills, negotiate, foreign language or writing skills. Both goals (short and long term) is of course related to each other in the sense that management is a cumulative impression can be used to achieve long-term goal of success in my career, for example, to gain position, power, social respect, and wealth.